- Upper airway ���¶֧ nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, laryngopharynx ��� larynx- Lower airway ���¶֧ tracheobronchial tree ��� lung parenchyma˹�ҷ��ͧ upper airway - conducting system for air to enter the lower airway - protective mechanism to prevent foreign material from entering the pulmonary tree. - �� anatomic deadspace 30-50% - �� air conditioner �ͧ inspired gases - ����������㹡�þٴ��д����� Nose upper third of the nose �� bony, lower two thirds �� cartilage. �� nasal septum �觨�١�� 2 �� ��ҹ��ҧ�ͧ��١���¡��� �alae� opening �����ҧ septum ��� alae ���¡��� �naris (nostril)�. anterior portion �ͧ nasal cavity ���¡��� vestibule �١�ش��� skin ��� hair follicle ����� first defense mechanism �ͧ pulmonary system. ��ѧ��ҹ��ҧ�ͧ nasal wall �� turbinates 3 �ѹ��� contact �Ѻ inspired air anterior third �ͧ nose �ش��� squamous, nonciliated epithelium ��ǹ posterior two thirds ���������� ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelium ����� serous ��� mucous glands �ҡ ��ػ˹�ҷ��ͧ��١����ѡ��� humidify, heat ��� filter inspired air �����������ѷ�����Դ���������ҡ�ȼ�ҹ��١�٧�֧ 75-80%, ˹�ҷ�� filter �ͧ��١ �Դ�ҡ large hair follicles � vestibule ��� thick mucous layer �� mucosa ������ѡɳ��˹�������ö�Ѻ foreign particles � inspired air ��� mobilize �͡ �ҧ outlet �ͧ��١ (�ٻ��� 1)
alveolar epithelium ��Сͺ���� alveolar type I ��� type II cells. - alveolar type I cells ��˹�ҷ�� maintenance air-blood barrier, �ѡɳ� cell �� flattenced nucleus ��� thin extensions of cytoplasm ��觷�˹�ҷ���� surface area ����Ѻ gas diffusion, type I cells �����µ�� injury ������surface area ��� expose ��� toxic agent �ҡ ����� type I cells �١ injured, type II cells ������� mitosis �����᷹��� type I cells. - alveolar type II cells ��˹�ҷ���Ե surfactant surfactant ��˹�ҷ��Ŵ surface tension ��л�ͧ�ѹ alveoli collapse. interstitium �� space �ç��ҧ�����ҧ epithelium �Ѻ endothelium ��Сͺ���� tight space ��� loose space �ѡɳТͧ tight space �� area ��� capillary endothelium ��� alveolar epithelium �������ѹ�ҡ ����dz������� �ç intra-alveolar septal walls �ͧ alveolar sacs ����繺���dz����ա���š ����¹ gas �ҡ����ش space �������� lymphatic vessels. ��ǹ�ա space ˹�� ���¡ loose space ���ѡɳ� high compliance ��Сͺ���� lymphatic vessels, interstitial cells, smooth muscle ��� nervous tissue. endothelium �� cells ���� pulmonary capillaries ���� cells �������� �Ѻ cell ��ҧ��§��� form �� gaps ����ҳ 4 mm. �����صҹ���Ժ�� ����ǡѺ differential passage of substances ����չ��˹ѡ���š�ŵ�ҧ�ѹ��ҹ endothelium �¤Դ����� pores ����Ѻ small ��� large molecules. metabolic action �ͧ endothelial cells :- - catabolic functions ���շ���� vasoactive materials �� serotonin, norepinephrine ��� some of PG - anabolic actions ��˹�ҷ���Ե����ѧ������ some vasoactive materials �� PG - conversion activity �� ����¹ angiotensin I -->II. Pulmonary mechanics (�ٻ��� 4)
